资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。
2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。
因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。
日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
治疗“绿色癌症”,智能细菌来帮忙****** ◎实习记者 骆香茹 炎症性肠病虽然致死率较低,但长期以来,也面临着诊断困难和难以根治的问题,被称为“绿色癌症”。 近日,华东理工大学生物工程学院院长叶邦策教授及该院副教授周英团队在《细胞—宿主与微生物》上发表了一项研究成果。该团队开发了一株智能工程菌——i-ROBOT,可实现在体无创实时监测和记录炎症性肠病的发生与发展,并以自调控的给药模式缓解病症。 各色技术上阵诊断“绿色癌症” 炎症性肠病是胃肠道最常见的慢性炎症性疾病,包括克罗恩病和溃疡性结肠炎。腹痛、腹泻、便血等是炎症性肠病主要的症状表现。 当前炎症性肠病的诊断方法在临床上主要有肠镜、电子微胶囊肠镜等。论文通讯作者叶邦策介绍,肠镜检查的好处是直观,可以观察到人体整个肠道的情况。“但肠镜检查是一项有创检查,在操作过程中难免损伤肠道黏膜,造成少量出血,引起被检者的不适感,患者依从性差。”叶邦策补充道,“也有无痛肠镜,但这种方式有一定风险,做这种检查前需要患者进行全身麻醉,对患有心脏病和肺部疾病的人来说,风险较大。” 电子微胶囊肠镜是近年来新兴的检查方式,叶邦策介绍,与传统肠镜相比,其对患者造成的痛苦更小、适应性更强,能检查传统肠镜无法到达的回肠、空肠等。但胶囊在消化道运动的过程中,无法人为控制其运动轨迹,其在消化道等位置会随机翻转,产生视觉盲区,有可能导致错过病变部位、延误病情等情况发生,且电子微胶囊肠镜的检查费用更高,给患者带来的经济压力更大。 智能工程菌是炎症性肠病的新兴诊断方式之一。叶邦策介绍,他们会提前3天将智能工程菌通过口服灌胃的方式送入小鼠体内,等肠炎造模给药结束后通过分析粪便中存在的智能工程菌的荧光信号和基因组DNA突变情况,确定肠道炎症发生、发展程度。 “智能工程菌在诊断灵敏性、便捷性以及成本上都具有无法比拟的优势,但目前仍仅能通过分析粪便样品来评估疾病的有无或严重程度,而难以实施在体原位诊断。”叶邦策表示,“此外,智能工程菌的生物安全性还需进一步加强。” 治疗方法从抗炎药物到智能活菌机器人 为了攻克炎症性肠病,专家们想了不少办法。过去,炎症性肠病的主要治疗方法是使用抗炎药物和免疫调节药物。叶邦策介绍,随着肠道微生物研究的深入,过去十年间,调节肠道微生态、使用智能活菌成为炎症性肠病的研究热点,创新研究不断涌现。 叶邦策团队开发的i-ROBOT是使用大肠杆菌Nissle1917作为底盘细胞进行改造的。叶邦策介绍,i-ROBOT能够感知低浓度的炎症标志物,具有诊断早期肠炎的潜力。同时,i-ROBOT还能记录疾病发生与发展的信息,帮助监测胃肠道健康状态。 当然,i-ROBOT的功能远不止于此。叶邦策表示,i-ROBOT还可以在病灶部位根据疾病的严重程度释放相应浓度的药物,在实现有效治疗的同时,又能避免因过度用药而产生的副作用。 “我们认为智能工程菌是智能活菌机器人的一种。”叶邦策补充道,“智能工程菌具备优异的感知和收集周围环境信息的能力,能够与周围环境进行互动,并能在特定时间和地点采取特定的行动。” 近年来,“粪便也能治病”的冷知识刷新了不少人的认知,通过粪菌移植治疗炎症性肠病也受到越来越多的关注。粪菌移植是将健康人的肠道菌群植入患者肠道,重建肠道微生态系统,以此治疗肠道疾病。粪菌移植成为炎症性肠病治疗的一种新选择。然而,叶邦策提醒道:“尽管有很多阳性的结果支持粪菌移植的可行性,但是目前一些安全性、伦理性问题尚未得到很好地解决,粪菌移植疗法还存在争议。” 发展交叉学科或可破解炎症性肠病诊疗难题 叶邦策介绍,当前,许多研究证明了智能工程菌具有在活体内诊断和治疗疾病的应用潜力,且智能工程菌逐步朝着智能化和临床应用性的方向发展。其中,功能稳定性、临床效力和安全性是决定智能工程菌能否成功应用于临床的关键。 叶邦策表示:“合成生物学为智能工程菌感应疾病标志物的种类及传感性能提供了很好的策略,然而仅仅依靠合成生物学难以解决所有问题。” 叶邦策认为,交叉学科的发展为此提供了新的契机,例如将合成生物学与材料和化学科学相结合,能够增强智能工程菌的定植性、靶向性和可控性,进而实现炎症部位的在体原位成像检测。 此外,智能工程菌的安全性也是限制其临床应用的重要因素,为了应对智能工程菌可能导致的抗性转移、代谢物毒性等问题,研究者们仍在优化技术方案,通过不使用抗性基因作为筛选标记、选择更安全的益生菌作为智能工程菌的底盘、进行细菌毒力因子的敲除、对逃逸细菌进行有效的控制和清除等策略,有针对性地解决相关难题。 谈到智能工程菌的应用前景时,叶邦策表示,从诊断的角度来说,如果智能工程菌能够通过临床试验,运用到炎症性肠病的临床治疗中,将打破传统肠道疾病的诊断模式,部分替代侵入性的肠镜检测,能让受检者在没有任何痛苦的情况下,诊断出其是否罹患炎症性肠病。 (文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() |